11. What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss? 
(A) Famous examples 
(B) Different styles 
(C) Restoration 
(D) Production 

12. According to the passage, what does the first step in making a panel painting ? 
(A) Mixing the paint 
(B) Preparing the panel 
(C) Buying the gold leaf 
(D) Making ink drawings 

13. The word "it" in line 4 refers to . 
(A) chalk 
(B) composition 
(C) artist 
(D) surface 

14. The word "deliberate" in line 5 is closest in meaning to 
(A) decisive 
(B) careful 
(C) natural 
(D) unusual 

15. Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings? 
(A) Joining wooden planks to form large sheets 
(B) Polishing the gesso 
(C) Applying many layers of paint 
(D) Covering the background with gold leaf 

16. What characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage ? 
(A) It dries quickly 
(B) It is difficut to make 
(C) It dissolves easily 
(D) It has to be applied directly to wood 

17. The word "demanded" in line 17 is closest in meaning to 
(A) ordered 
(B) reported 
(C) required 
(D) questioned 

18. The "collective enterprise" mentioned in line 18 includes all of the following EXCEPT 
(A) supplying the gold leaf 
(B) building the panels 
(C) applying the paint 
(D) selling the painting 

19. The word "imitate" in line 22 is closest in meaning to 
(A) copy 
(B) illustrate 
(C) promote 
(D) believe in 

20. The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survival of panel painting EXCEPT 
(A) condition 
(B) theft 
(C) preservation 
(D) restoration 

21. The word "them" in line 27 refers to 
(A) problems 
(B) condition, restoration, preservation 
(C) panel paintings 
(D) museum collections 

Question 22——32 
Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States . The great number of tales, legends, and myths about  these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long  time. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive —— particularly behavioral ——  information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and,  for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to  cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.  Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research. Keen  observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures,  including researchers, and adept at avoiding them. Because they are so numerous,  active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another. Bands,  radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them , but this of  course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable  of birds. Technical difficulties aside , crow research is daunting because the ways of these  birds are so complex and various. As preeminent is generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.  For example, one pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door. When the dog escaped, the bird went into the kennel and ate its food. 
22.What is the main topic of the passage? 
(A) The ways in which crows differ from other common birds 
(B) The myths and legends about crows 
(C) The characteristics that make crows difficult to study 
(D) The existing methods for investigating crow behavior 

23. According to the first paragraph, what evidence is there that crows have interested people for a long time? 
(A) The large number of stories about crows. 
(B) The frequency with which crows are sighted 
(C) The amount of research that has been conducted on crows 
(D) The ease with which crows are identified 

24. The word "comparable" in line 5 is closest in meaning to 
(A) interestingly 
(B) similar 
(C) otherwise 
(D) sometimes 

25. In line 6, the author mention the endangered California condor as an example of a species that is 
(A) smaller than the crow 
(B) easily identifiable 
(C) featured in legends 
(D) very rare 

26. In line 6, the author mentions the endangered California condor as an example of a species that is 
(A) crows 
(B) subjects 
(C) intentions 
(D) researchers 

27.According to the second paragraph, crows are poor subjects for field research for all of the following reasons EXCEPT 
(A) They can successfully avoid observers. 
(B) They are hard to distinguish from one another 
(C) They can be quite aggressive. 
(D) They are difficult to catch.