考试日期：

2013年8月17日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

仿生机器人，仿壁虎脚掌sticky toes的动态材料

Question types:

TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN;

Which paragraph contains the following information;

Short Answer Question;

相关英文原文阅读

We are developing neurotechnology based on the neurophysiology and behavior of animal models. We developed two classes of biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicles (see above). The first is an 8-legged ambulatory vehicle that is based on the lobster and is intended for autonomous remote-sensing operations in rivers and/or the littoral zone ocean bottom with robust adaptations to irregular bottom contours, current and surge. The second vehicle is an undulatory system that is based on the lamprey and is intended for remote sensing operations in the water column with robust depth/altitude control and high maneuverability. These vehicles are based on a common biomimetic control, actuator and sensor architecture that features highly modularized components and low cost per vehicle. Operating in concert, they can conduct autonomous investigation of both the bottom and water column of the littoral zone or rivers. These systems represent a new class of autonomous underwater vehicles that may be adapted to operations in a variety of habitat.

Cyberplasm

We are collaborating with investigators at The University of California, The University of Alabama and Newcastle University to apply principles of synthetic biology to the integration of a hybrid microbot. The aim of this research is to construct Cyberplasm, a micro-scale robot integrating microelectronics with cells in which sensor and actuator genes have been inserted and expressed. This will be accomplished using a combination of cellular device integration, advanced microelectronics and biomimicry; an approach that mimics animal models; in the latter we will imitate some of the behavior of the marine animal the sea lamprey. Synthetic muscle will generate undulatory movements to propel the robot through the water. Synthetic sensors derived from yeast cells will be reporting signals from the immediate environment. These signals will be processed by an electronic nervous system. The electronic brain will, in turn, generate signals to drive the muscle cells that will use glucose for energy. All electronic components will be powered by a microbial fuel cell integrated into the robot body.

This research aims to harness the power of synthetic biology at the cellular level by integrating specific gene parts into bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells to carry out device like functions. Moreover this approach will allow the cells/bacteria to be simplified so that the input/output (I/O) requirements of device integration can be addressed. In particular we plan to use visual receptors to couple electronics to both sensation and actuation through light signals. In addition synthetic biology will be carried out at the systems level by interfacing multiple cellular /bacterial devices together, connecting to an electronic brain and in effect creating a multi-cellular biohybrid micro-robot. Motile function will be achieved by engineering muscle cells to have the minimal cellular machinery required for excitation/contraction coupling and contractile function. The muscle will be powered by mitochondrial conversion of glucose to ATP, an energetic currency in biological cells, hence combining power generation with actuation.

题型难度分析

本 次阅读考试总体难度中等偏上，三篇文章都出现了段落细节配对题，这种题型是无序的细节题，需要考生在全篇文章中浏览寻找信息。对于水平较好的考生，可以以 较快的速度浏览文章，但是对于大部分考生来说如果要看完全文可能来不及。建议考生可以通过理解段落主题句，理清文章脉络，再把信息搭配到适合的段落中。

题型技巧分析

细节配对是比较难的题型，下面分析一下这类题目的做题技巧：

出题特点：

1. 彻底同义转换

和其它题型不同的是，这种题型是对原文一句话或者一段话进行的彻底同义转换，个别甚至是高度概括，因此几乎不存在任何定位词，因此不能根据定位词到原文中定位答案。考生必须具备非常强的语言理解能力，才能快速识别出文章信息和段落信息的相似之处，从而找到答案。

2. 完全乱序

由于这种题型是要求把细节信息与所在的段落进行配对，因此是绝对打乱顺序出题的。

3. 部分题目存在重复选项

在雅思阅读中，段落细节配对题以两种形式出现，一种是每个选项只能用一次，另外一种题型，在Instruction的最后一句往往有这样的提示：

NB You may use any letter more than once.

如果出现这样的提示，则说明某些段落可以重复选用。剑桥真题集中的真题以及笔者、考生的实际考试经历证明，这种指令往往意味着有且仅有一个选项可以使用两次。

4. 从题量上来看，存在着以下两种可能：

1) 题量=段落数+1（肯定带NB）

2) 题量小于段落数两个以上

由于每个选项只能重复使用一次，因此第一种题型就意味着每个段落都会有至少一个答案，而第二种题型则不能保证每段都有。

5. 永远是第一个题型

不管在A类考试还是G类的考试中，这种题目永远是出现在第一个题型，而且这种题型与段落标题配对题型List of headings属于“相克题型”，即这两者不可能同时出现。

6. 有部分题目与其后的题目有关联

由于这种题型一般都是跨全文出的，因此跟后面的题目不可避免地出现交叉，因此有可能根据后面的题目来推断出细节所在的位置。

题量=段落数+1, 且带NB的题型：

前面讲过，由于段落细节配对题的出题特点，这种题型往往暗示了每段都会有至少一个答案，那么这种题目适合用“通篇浏览”的方法来做。具体步骤如下：

1. 阅读所有题目，划出关键词

关键词就是能最大限度上概括整个句子的单词或短语，第一步划出关键词，在短时间内将所有的题目进行高度的浓缩，符合人类短期记忆的规律。

2. 通读所有段落，依次寻找答案

因为每段都会有答案，因此现在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。要注意在选出信息后，要在选出的段落上做上记号，以免浪费时间。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑7 Test 1 Passage 1

剑7 Test 3 Passage 1

Reading Passage 2

Title:

美国三个地方的图书馆介绍

Question types:

Which paragraph contains the following information;

Summary Completion;

文章内容回顾

美国三个地方的图书馆，纽约、旧金山和芝加哥的图书馆。

纽约的图书馆是当时一个人出资400,000建设的，但是地和建造的钱是政府出的。

旧金山一直没钱建图书馆，所以他们建图书馆很慢，花了很久的时间。这反而是一件好事，因为缓慢的建造过程帮助他们躲过了一次地震。

芝加哥的图书馆的设计比较保守。

答案分析：

Summary填空题有个空是填纽约图书馆的造价，应该填9 million。

相关英文原文阅读

In the aftermath of the 1871 Great Chicago Fire, Londoner A.H. Burgess, with the aid of Thomas Hughes, drew up what would be called the "English Book Donation," which proposed that England should provide a free library to the burnt-out city. The Chicago Public Library was created directly from the ashes of the great Chicago Fire. Burgess wrote on December 7, 1871 in the London Daily News that "I propose that England should present a Free Library to Chicago, to remain there as a mark of sympathy now, and a keepsake and a token of true brotherly kindness forever..."[3]

After circulating requests for donations throughout English society, the project donated 8,000 books. Private donors included Queen Victoria, Benjamin Disraeli, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, John Stuart Mill, John Ruskin, and Matthew Arnold.[4]

In Chicago, town leaders petitioned Mayor Joseph Medill to hold a meeting and establish the library. The meeting led to the Illinois Library Act of 1872, which allowed Illinois cities to establish tax-supported libraries. In April 1872, the Chicago City Council passed an ordinance establishing the Chicago Public Library, and on January 1, 1873, the Chicago Public Library officially opened its doors in an abandoned iron water tank at LaSalle and Adams Streets. The collection included 3,157 volumes. The water tank was 58 feet (18 m) in diameter, 21 feet (6.4 m) high and with a 30-foot (9.1 m) foundation. A two story office building was soon built around it to hold city offices, and a third floor reading room was built for the library.

On October 24, 1873, William Frederick Poole was elected the first head librarian by the library's Board of Directors. Poole was mainly concerned during his tenure on building the circulation. In 1874, circulation services began with 13,000 out of 17,533 available for lending. The library moved from place to place during its first 24 years. Eleven years it spent on the fourth floor of city hall. In 1887, Poole resigned to organize the Newberry Library of Chicago.

On October 15, 1887, Frederick H. Hild was elected the second Librarian of the Chicago Public Library and securing a permanent home was his primary drive. Ten years later, the Central Library was opened. Designed by the Boston firm of Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge in the same academic classical style as their building for the Art Institute, it was located on Michigan Avenue between Washington Street and Randolph Street on land donated by the Grand Army of the Republic, a Civil War Veterans group led by John A. Logan, a Civil War General and U.S. Senator from Illinois. In return for the land the Library was to maintain a Civil War collection and exhibit in a G.A.R. room until the last northern Civil War veteran died. The library would remain on this site for the next 96 years. It is now the Chicago Cultural Center.

题型难度分析

总体篇章难度中等

题型技巧分析

摘要填空题：

摘要填空题因为题目名称里有“摘要”二 字，因而很容易被误认为是主题类题型。然而摘要填空题的核心考点仍然是考查考生是否能够在文章中找出摘要中缺失的细节信息，所以归根结底还是一个细节类题 型。解决摘要题的方法跟其他的细节题型类似，仍然是首先从题目中空格的上下文里找到合适的关键词信息，根据空格上下文信息判断答案可能性，再用关键词回文 定位，寻找答案。

定位关键词出处的时候考生应该用scan的方法，扫读文章相关段落中关键词或其同义词出现的位置，精读上下文理解意思后，从上下文中选取符合之前对于可能性的判断的信息来作为答案即可。

值得注意的是，有些摘要题不是让考生直接从文中找词来填写，而是会给出选项。在这种情况下，考生需要先在文章中找到符合答案意思的信息，再转换为选项中的内容进行回答。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑5 Test1 Passage 1

Reading Passage 3

Title:

儿童对图像与实物的感知

Question types:

Multiple Choice（单选）;

Which paragraph contains the following information;

文章内容回顾

第一个实验的对象是两个小孩，一个小孩是2.5岁，另一个小孩是3.5岁，小孩做了同一个实验，因为认知能力的不同，所以得出了不同结果。

第二个实验的对象是18个月的小孩，发现小孩不会区分物品的大小。

第三个实验的对象是7岁的小孩，发现3D的书籍可能并不能够帮助小孩学习。

相关英文原文阅读

For years, imagination was thought of as a way for children to escape from reality, and once they reached a certain age, it was believed they would push fantasy aside and deal with the real world. But, increasingly, child-development experts are recognizing the importance of imagination and the role it plays in understanding reality. Imagination is necessary for learning about people and events we don't directly experience, such as history or events on the other side of the world. For young kids, it allows them to ponder the future, such as what they want to do when they grow up.

"Whenever you think about the Civil War or the Roman Empire or possibly God, you're using your imagination," says Paul Harris, a development psychologist and professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education who studies imagination. "The imagination is absolutely vital for contemplating reality, not just those things we take to be mere fantasy."

Psychologists like Jacqueline Woolley, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin, are studying the process of "magical thinking," or children's fantasy lives, and how kids learn to distinguish between what is real and what isn't.

The hope is that understanding how children's cognition typically develops will also help scientists better understand developmental delays and conditions such as autism. For instance, there is evidence that imagination and role play appears to have a key role in helping children take someone else's perspective, says Dr. Harris. Kids with autism, on the other hand, don't engage in much pretend play, leading some to suggest that the lack of such activity contributes to their social deficits, according to Dr. Harris.

Dr. Woolley's group at the Children's Research Laboratory has conducted a series of studies involving Santa, the Tooth Fairy and a newly made-up character known as the "Candy Witch" in order to examine the age at which children are able to distinguish between real and fictional entities and how they process contexts and cues when dealing with them.

In one study involving 91 children, Dr. Woolley asked young kids if a number of people and characters, including Santa and the garbage man, were real. She found that 70% of 3-year-olds reported that Santa Claus was real, while 78% believed in the garbage man. By age 5, kids' certainty about the garbage man grew, and Santa believers peaked at 83%. It wasn't until age 7 that belief in Santa declined. By 9, only a third believed in Santa while nearly all reported the garbage man was real.

So, "if kids have the basic distinction between real and not real when they're 3, why do they believe in Santa until they're 8?" says Dr. Woolley.

The researchers found that while children as young as 3 understand the concept of what is real and what isn't, until they are about 7 kids can be easily misled by adults' persuasive words or by "evidence." They hold onto their beliefs about some fantastical characters—like Santa—longer than others, such as monsters or dragons. Most of the kids in the study were Christian, and the numbers of those who believed in Santa would likely be smaller if there were children of other religious backgrounds in the sample, says Dr. Woolley.

题型难度分析

文章题材中等偏难。心理学相关内容对于大多数考生来说都不太熟悉，因此可能本文对于很多人来说会比较难。建议考生在平时可以多接触一些自己不够熟悉的科普题材文章，尽量拓宽自己的知识面，才可以轻松应对各种题材的文章。

题型技巧分析

单选题的解题技巧：

首先通过从题干中提取的定位词回文中用scan的方法找到题目相关信息的出处。

然后精读并且理解原文定位词出处的上下文信息。

接着理解选项的意思，从选项中选出意思与原文相吻合的内容作为答案。

值得注意的是，选择题的一些干扰选项中比较容易出现文章中的原词，但是这些词不能够作为判断答案信息的依据。选择答案的唯一依据就是表述的意思是否相同，所以对于考生识别同义转换的要求较高。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑5 Test 1 Passage 1

剑5 Test 3 Passage 1

考试趋势分析和备考指导：

本次雅思阅读考试出现了很多段落细节配对题。接下来的雅思阅读考试题型很有可能将会出现“判断题数量持续下降，配对题比重稳中有升，题型分布不均匀”这三大特点。由于配对题对考生的词汇和句型理解要求相当高，所以每位考生在上考场之前一定要把自己的英语基本功打牢，达到雅思所要求的词汇量和语法要求。考分要求较高的同学，更应耐心地将自己做错的题目仔细和原文进行比对、分析，时间允许的话应当将文章进行仔细的阅读。

判断题作为雅思的特色题型，在短时间内是不可能完全消失的，所以考生仍然不可忽视对这种题型的复习。

本 次考试中完全没有出现经典的段落标题配对题。此类题型与段落细节配对题会发生冲突，因为段落细节的定位一定程度上需要建立在对段落大意的理解和把握的基础 上。通过解决段落标题配对题的过程中对于段落中心句的理解和段落大意的判断，可以很容易帮助考生快速找到细节信息可能出现的位置。另外由于段落细节配对题 对考生能力的考查更为全面，所以现在的考试中非常有可能完全不出现段落标题配对的题型。

应对策略：近期考试的题目类型变化较多，考生要注意对每一种题型的复习，不要忽视了某种题型技巧，以免出现题型技巧上的短板导致影响到整篇文章的理解和发挥。